Aristophanes, excerpt from Clouds, making fun of Socrates Aristophanes, Lysistrata Aristotle on Spartan Women Sophocles, Antigone Thucydides, Pericles’ “Funeral Oration” Thucydides, “Melian Dialogue” from the History of the Peloponnesian War South Asia Jain Doctrinces and Practices of Nonviolence: The Example of Mahavira The Four Noble Truths East Asia Selections from the Analects Selections from the Laozi Selections from Sunzi’s Art of War, The Middle East and North Africa | South Asia | East Asia | The Greek World c. 1300-1200 BCE: Israelites leave Egypt (following Moses) c. 1050-1010 BCE: Israelites establish a kingdom 1045-256 BCE: Western Zhou Dynasty 1040-332 BCE: Egyptian Late Period c. 1000-970 BCE: Reign of King David 1000-600 BCE: Later Vedic Period c. 979-930 BCE: Reign of King Solomon 931 BCE: Israel divides into two kingdoms 900-612 BCE: Assyrian Empire 750-656 BCE: The Kingdom of Kush ruled Egypt, creating the “Ethiopian Dynasty” 750-593 BCE: Kingdom of Kush (with capital at Napata) c. 700-480 BCE: Greek Archaic Period 656-639 BCE: Assyrians occupied Egypt 626-539 BCE: New Babylonian Empire 605-562 BCE: Reign of Nebuchadnezzar 593 BCE: Egyptian army sacked Napata, the capital of Kush 593 BCE: The Kingdom of Kerma moved its capital to Meroe 586-539 BCE: Babylonian captivity of Israelites 550-330 BCE: Achaemenid Empire of Persia 539 BCE: Cyrus the Great of Persia conquers the New Babylonian Empire 525 BCE: Persian conquest of Egypt. And new trends appeared in India’s major religious traditions. Between 1185 and 1204, the Byzantine Empire had drastically weakened. In England, Norse invasions had destroyed all but one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Brick walls and plaster floors began to replace hides and sticks. We usually refer to that empire as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium. If the slave of a freed man strike the body of a freed man, his ear shall be cut off.[27]. Far from being culturally a time of “decline and fall,” Late Antiquity, rather, was looking forward to the world of the Middle Ages. Athens was a naval empire, with allies scattered all over the Ionian Sea. Nevertheless, city-states and major rulers throughout the Greek world considered it essential to consult the oracle before embarking on any major endeavor, such as war or founding a colony. History of the Byzantine State. Pomeroy, Sarah, Stanley Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, and David Tandy. Sanskrit has provided important clues because it contains features similar to languages spoken at some point in Europe, Iran, and Central Asia. Before a stone tablet, they would make a statement about what might happen (for example, “It will rain,” or “If we attack the Mafang [high god], Di will confer assistance on us”), and then apply heat to a hole bored into a bone until it cracked. Some white supremacists in southern Africa clung onto this fabricated history of Great Zimbabwe’s foreign origins until the early 1990s. When he arrived in the city, he found three men claiming to be pope, each supported by a family of Roman nobles. In retrospect, the late Yayoi Period clearly was a transitional phase leading to the formation of the first kingdom in Japanese history. The origins of the Romans, however, extend further back into the past than the Hellenistic period, and it’s to the early Romans that we now turn. Timur died in 1405 while on a campaign against the Ming Dynasty. In 628, the Umayyads finally realized that they were unable to vanquish the Muslims so sent a delegation of Meccans to sue for peace. While Caesar obviously survived the proscription, and went on to become a prominent politician himself, the confiscation of his property by Sulla ensured that he remained painfully strapped financially and in debt for the rest of his life. Robinet, Isabelle. Henceforth, the military became a profession, rather than a seasonal occupation for farmers. When he arrived, he was generous and people liked him, which enabled him to marry the daughter of Mrimba, the local headman. Each coin contains an image of Kanishka on one side, an image of a deity on the obverse, and inscriptions giving the names of both. Akkadian rulers seized and taxed trade goods, with trade routes extending as far as India. Dozens of Swahili city-states running down the East African coast from Mogadishu to Sofala, and including islands o  the coast, were commercial centers, tied together by a shared identity, not an overarching political structure. Second, the willingness on the part of prominent Senators to resort to violence to resolve matters set a dangerous precedent for the remainder of the Republic and fundamentally changed the nature of Roman politics. By the fourth century BCE, the peninsula had already long been populated by peoples who had migrated there from northeast Asia and settled into agricultural villages. There were cultural links and commonalities found in the Sumerian city-states of the third millennium BCE. The Aegean is filled with islands. This movement of the knights of most of Western Europe to fight against Muslims in the Middle East is generally known as the first of a series of Crusades. Al-Mu‘izz (953 – 975) used a combination of mamluk and tribal armies to capture Egypt in 969. Some of the roles and back-stories of the deities did change over time; nevertheless, over the millennia they remained quite consistent. He was an able and effective military commander who—even though he rewarded his troops with lands taken from the Church—was able to show himself a defender of the Christian religion by defeating a Muslim attack on Gaul from al-Andalus in 732 at the Battle of Tours and by defeating the Saxons, who were at this point still largely pagans living in the forests to the northeast of the Frankish kingdom, in 738. They fell in love and married. Qutuz arrested Shajar al-Durr and imprisoned her in the Red Tower. The followers of these Sufi orders believed that they could better disseminate a form of the faith that was more loving and caring. Between 1230 and 1233, Ögedei’s troops defeated the remnants of the Jin dynasty in central China. Just as importantly, Nubia was also the site of an early civilization. Kings consolidated power over multiple city-states in the region. Medieval Europe remained a patriarchal culture. The Mesoamerican culture area is found in what are now the modern countries of Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, El Salvador, and eastern Honduras. He made the desert bloom to remind her of her distant homeland; the elaborate gardens planted on rooftops and terraces were designed so that the plants’ leaves would spill down high walls. The city itself consisted of several mounds—elevated areas upon which structures and roads were built. Thus, aspiring Roman politicians normally entered the army around eighteen years of age. Archaeological evidence, however, allows historians to reconstruct to some extent a picture of the Greek world in the Bronze Age and the Dark Ages. New York: Penguin Books, 1960. Lastly, Tang rulers established a formidable military. In her teens, Li began to compose poetry, and, over the course of her life, she produced many volumes of essays and poems. So Mary’s father was your God’s son and father in law??? The 50 years old man and his 16 years old bride had a very happy marriage. Incidentally, one name on Sulla’s list was the young Julius Caesar, whose aunt had been married to Gaius Marius. They set up new religious schools to pass on this Sufism. At that time, residents of the Swahili city-states played a pivotal role as middlemen, selling gold, timber, ivory, resins, coconut oil, and slaves from the interior regions of Africa to traders arriving from throughout the Indian Ocean World. Sometimes this process was gradual: as migrants and merchants moved into neighboring areas, the government followed by setting up garrisons to protect them and eventually counties with civil servants to govern them. Jōmon, meaning “cord-marked,” refers to the type of pottery they used. A champion of Sunni Islam, he believed that his religion was being threatened mainly from within by the Shi‘a. Different historians have proposed several possible answers. Addiction is no laughing matter. Following the final triumph of the Iconophiles, these e orts continued with Photius, patriarch of Constantinople from 858 to 867 and then from 877 to 886, as a particular sponsor of monastic schools in the Byzantine Empire and of the copying of books in Ancient Greek, particularly works like those of Plato’s philosophy and the epic poetry of Homer. The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition. Compare this to the extensive, relatively consistent bureaucracy of Han Dynasty China. Most of them did not have any previous political experience and thus had no clear program for ruling the empire. Often entangled with Egypt and sometimes defending themselves from other invaders as well, these two kingdoms persisted for hundreds of years, creating an independent civilization along the southern stretches of the Nile River. He based his code on shamanist principles, and it served as the social and political formula binding all Mongols together. Edited and Completed by Kenneth G. Zysk. The Liu rulers, for instance, were Xiongnu, while others were of Turkic ancestry. The Greek world reacted in a much more organized fashion to this second invasion than it did to the first.

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